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In 2005, Valve released an extra level, Lost Coast, as a free download to anyone who purchased Half-Life 2.[21] On December 22, Valve released a 64-bit version of the Source engine for x86-64 processor-based systems running Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, Windows Server 2003 x64, Windows Vista x64, or Windows Server 2008 x64. This update enabled Half-Life 2 and other Source games to run natively on 64-bit processors, bypassing the 32-bit compatibility layer. Newell said it was "an important step in the evolution of our game content and tools", and that the game benefited greatly from the update.[22] Some users reported major performance boosts, though the technology site Techgage found stability problems and no notable frame rate improvement.[23]
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Half-life in the context of medical science typically refers to the elimination half-life. The definition of elimination half-life is the length of time required for the concentration of a particular substance (typically a drug) to decrease to half of its starting dose in the body. Understanding the concept of half-life is useful for determining excretion rates as well as steady-state concentrations for any specific drug. Different drugs have different half-lives; however, they all follow this rule: after one half-life has passed, 50% of the initial drug amount is removed from the body. The characteristic decreases of drugs over time have long been studied in a field known as pharmacokinetics and are depictable by basic differential equations. Most clinically relevant drugs tend to follow first-order pharmacokinetics; that is, their drug-elimination rates are proportional to plasma concentrations.[1] In contrast, a few drugs follow zero-order elimination in which the drug amount decreases by a constant amount over time regardless of initial concentration (i.e., ethanol). This article will focus on first-order half-life elimination as it is the most frequently encountered in clinical practice.
Half-life elimination is graphically represented with elimination curves that track the amount of a drug in the body over time, typically with time on the independent axis and drug plasma concentration on the dependent axis, as shown in Figure 1. Total drug exposure over time is represented in these graphs as the integral area under the curve (AUC).[2] Elimination curves are useful for determining if a drug indeed follows first-order kinetics, in which case the curve should follow a logarithmic decay according to the integrated rate law of first-order reactions (Equation 1). After solving the differential equation, one can obtain the half-life equation that is commonly tested on and used in clinical practice (Equation 2). From this equation, one can quickly determine the half-life of a drug, given its predetermined rate constant k. An alternative half-life equation exists that relates half-life to other pharmacokinetic parameters known as the volume of distribution and clearance (Equation 3).[3][4]
Half-life is one of the oldest pharmacokinetic parameters discussed in the medical community yet continues to be a source of confusion for many medical students and even well-versed clinicians.[6] For this reason, the USMLE examiners continue to evaluate medical students and licensed physicians on this elusive topic. Within the concept of half-life, many assumptions are necessary, including a one-compartment system metabolizing the drug, a perfectly first-ordered system free of any renal or hepatic deficiencies, and an isolated system without any drug-drug interactions or alternative metabolic pathways. This situation is seldom the case in a clinical setting where physicians have patients who present with chronic kidney disease or other ailments, and who may take numerous medications with potential drug interactions. Also, patient age is a significant factor in determining the accurate half-life of a drug, particularly for pediatric and geriatric patients in which drug metabolism and thus half-life can vary significantly from a healthy middle-aged adult. Because of the highly theoretical model of half-life, it is often challenging to implement into practice and use it as a tool for clinical decision making. Thus, medical students and physicians need to factor such realities into half-life calculations for effective and safe pharmacological management. Numerous studies have attempted to establish methodologies that account for such nuances in the management of disease based on individual pharmacokinetic drug profiles.[7][8]
The clinical significance of half-life tends to arise in situations involving drug toxicity. These incidences can result from patients who have overdosed or received an incorrect amount of a particular drug from medical staff, who have clinically significant renal or hepatic failure, or who have any other multitude of factors that increase drug plasma concentrations above a given toxic threshold. In the case of renal failure, drug excretion will be impaired, and consequently, the peak initial concentration and excretion rate of a given drug will increase.[9] Hepatic disease also affects the half-life of a given drug due to impaired metabolism. Because the liver inactivates active metabolites at a slower rate, the body will take a more extended period to remove the drug from circulation.[10] Half-life is also clinically relevant when physicians must determine the most efficient yet safest dosing schedule to achieve an optimal therapeutic effect, or when a steady-state concentration of a drug is desirable. The regular occurrence of these types of clinical scenarios explains why medical professionals rely so frequently on half-life drug calculations in practice, and why it continues to receive emphasis throughout medical education.
Understanding the concept of half-life when establishing dosing schedules is an important first step in the pharmacological treatment of a patient. Arguably more important, though, is the communication of this management plan from physician or pharmacist to the interprofessional care team. Effective communication continues to be a significant determinant of quality care delivery. One literature review suggests that communication requires heavy emphasis before entering clinical settings so that healthcare professionals during training can have an adequate mastery of these skills by the time they have patient interactions.[11] Interestingly, face-to-face communication was considered the most effective modality for understanding a patient's care plan completely, yet written modalities continued to be the most commonly utilized. This is not to say, however, that written communication does not go without its strengths. Written communication provides a more permanent record that can be revisited if needed. Also, the evolution of electronic medical records allows for almost instantaneous transmission of entire patient records regardless of the distance between healthcare providers, something that face-to-face communication is less suited for [Level 4].
Lambda Wars, a mod for Valve's 2010 top-down shooter Alien Swarm, passed Valve's Greenlight process in January and has now launched as a free download on Steam. It's a standalone mod, so you do not need Half-Life 2, Alien Swarm or any other game built on Valve's Source engine to play.
Square Enix has announced a few updates on Steam about the upcoming release of Final Fantasy XV Windows Edition. On February 26, a free playable demo of the game will be available to download. Shackers can find it on the FFXV Windows Edition Steam page and the demo will feature all of Chapter 1. Players will be free to explore the game's tutorial and check out the opening main quests. This will also serve as a test for how FFXV Windows Edition will run on your PC. Hajime Tabata posted the following community message to FFXV's YouTube channel in which he announced a partnership with Valve to bring a Half-Life-inspired Gordon Freeman character skin for Noctis to the game!
The half-life of a response is the time expected for a reactant to arrive at the one-a portion of its underlying fixation or tension. For a first-request response, the half-life is autonomous of fixation and consistent after some time.
A nuclear technician was accidentally exposed to potassium-42 while doing brain scans for possible tumours. The error was not discovered until 36 h later when the activity of the potassium-42 sample was 2.0 μCi. If potassium- 42 has a half-life of 12 h, what was the activity of the sample at the time the technician was exposed?
The half-life for the radioactive decay of Ce-141 is 32.5 days. If a sample has an activity of 4.0μCi after 130 days have elapsed, what was the initial activity, in microcuries, of the sample? (5,3,5,4)
Half-Life 2: Lost Coast is a technology demo showing off the Source engine's HDR rendering capabilities. The town of St. Olga, where the game is set, was originally slated to take place between the levels Highway 17 and Sandtraps but was dropped. Lost Coast was released on October 27, 2005[1] as a free download to all owners of Half-Life 2. 041b061a72